Writing better essays
5 Broad Essay Topics
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
The Wall by Pink Floyd free essay sample
The Wall is a studio collection by the English stone gathering Pink Floyd. Roger Waters made the collection on November 30, 1979. The Wall is viewed as a stone show. The collection The Wall by Pink Floyd depicts sentiments of disconnection and uniqueness. The Wall is an inventive creation that shows mixing of tunes, quieting rhythms ,and remarkable audio cues. Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright are the five astounding and gifted artists that are a piece of Pink Floyd. The guitar, drums, bass, synthesizer, and consoles are for the most part the instruments that are utilized in this collection. In this collection there are an aggregate of two CD tracks. On every CD there are 13 tunes. The verses in the collection are restricted. All through the collection there are a few audio cues. These audio effects all have importance towards where the significance of every melody is going. For instance, in the melody, Thin Ice, the vocals start with the hints of an infant crying. We will compose a custom paper test on The Wall by Pink Floyd or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It switches rapidly to a harsher vocal educating the audience regarding the dangers of slight ice or the difficulties of life. The infant crying can show the bitterness that life can introduce. Different tunes like Mother show how moms are defensive and manufacture a divider to ensure their kids and watch over them throughout everyday life, ââ¬Å"Mamaââ¬â¢s going to keep infant comfortable and warm â⬠. Pink Floyd is one of the most notable exemplary musical crews and their music is as yet performed all through the present reality. I had the chance to see a lazer light show acted in downtown Denver with my dad. I for one love to tune in to their music. My main tune by Pink Floyd is by a long shot Another block In the Wall, since everybody knows, ââ¬Å"We donââ¬â¢t need no educationâ⬠.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry Essay Example
Utilizations of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry Essay Reason and Scope All around the universe, the air hose industry could be depicted in scarcely any words, which is strongly competitory and dynamic . The air hose industry produces one million a large number of dollars each twelvemonth yet at the same time has an aggregate overall gain outskirt of under 1 % 1. Numerous Airlines are trying to recover from profound obligation. The reason for these are multifold-fuel money related qualities, high cyclicality and regularity, savage rivalry, high fixed expenses and numerous different issues identified with security and riders wellbeing. To ensure for the best financial outcome, Airline organizations are looking for with their generally originative in addition to data. Facts utilized in simultaneousness with informations mining methods permits exhaustive smart course and dynamic framework. Accomplishing these advantages in an auspicious and wise mode may help with resulting lower working costs, better customer administration, advertise battle, expanded total compensation outskirt and investor esteem expansion. This plan of this paper is to show the utilizations of informations mining methods on various features of air hose concern. For outline, to prognosticate the figure of local and worldwide air hose riders from a particular city/air terminal, to progressively money related worth the tickets relying upon regularity and request, to investigate the continuous round database to fix for CRM execution, to makes the operational judgments about cooking, powers, and entryway traffic stream, to help the security agencies for secure and safe trips for the rider exceptionally after 9/11 occurrence. Anticipate the Number of Passenger by utilizing Data Mining Technique We will compose a custom article test on Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Forecast is basic to any worry for arranging and gross heading, especially in the Airline business, where a bunch of arranging is required to purchase/rent new airplanes, to draw in group individuals, to happen the new openings in occupied airdromes and to obtain the gifts from many air power governments. In the case of Air travel, clump of regularity and cyclicality included. Travelers are bound to wing to some finishs dependent on the clasp of the twelvemonth. Business explorers are probably going to go weekdays than ends of the week. Early forenoon and eventide flights are wanted by concern explorers who need to help through a twenty-four hours s work at their completion and return a similar twenty-four hours. To ascertain the figure of rider, incredible anxious web ( ANN ) can be utilized. The aim of an apprehensive web is to larn to recognize frames in a given informations. When the anxious web has been prepared on tests of the given informations, it can do expectations by watching comparable structures in future informations. The developing components which may follow up on the air travel request rely upon a few things. Mauro Calvano2 in his study of movement Canada air power forecast 2002-2016 considered 12 significant financial factors as follows: Gross domestic product Individual Disposable salary Grown-up Populations US monetary Mentality Aircraft Yield Armada/course structure/Average Aircraft Size Traveler Load factors Work cost and productiveness Fuel cost/Fuel productivity Aircraft cost other than Fuel and Labor Traveler Traffic Allocation Assumptions New building Components 1 to 5 are connected interest side of the visualization Components 6 to 10 are identified with tasks and gracefully side Components 10 and 11 speak to the auxiliary modifications This authentic data is known as the examination set. A small amount of the general accessible data is saved for formalizing reality of the created anticipation hypothetical record. This saved data set is known as the expectation set in light of the fact that no data contained in it is utilized in any signifier during the advancement of the visualization hypothetical record. The data in the expectation set are utilized for demonstrating the genuine extrapolative belongingss of the created anticipation hypothetical record. The examination set is more distant partitioned into a planning set and a testing set. Data in the readiness set is utilized straight for the finding of the visualization hypothetical record, while data in the testing set is utilized in a roundabout way for a similar plan. Figure1: Forecasting Process Model For a given ANN engineering and a readiness set, the fundamental instrument behind most directed obtaining guidelines is the refreshing of the loads and the partiality footings, until the mean squared error ( MSE ) between the finished result anticipated by the web and the ideal final result ( the imprint ) is not exactly a pre-indicated resilience. Apprehensive networks are can be spoken to as beds of practical hubs. The most broad signifier of an anxious web hypothetical record utilized in expectation can be composed as: Y = F [ H1 ( x ) , H2 ( x ) , aëâ â ¦ . , Hn ( x ) ] + U Where, Y is a dependant or final result variable, Ten is a lot of information/affecting factors, F A ; H s are web maps, and U is a hypothetical record botch. This information bed is associated with a covered bed. Hs are the covered bed hubs and speaks to various nonlinear maps. Every hub in a bed gets its contribution from the originating before bed through nexus which has loads doled out, which get balanced using a suitable procurement calculation and the data contained in the readiness set. Figure2: ANN Architecture Abdullah Omer BaFail3 did the review to ascertain the figure of air hose rider in Saudi Arabia. He chose the most affecting elements to compute the figure of local riders in the diverse metropoliss of Saudi Arabia. For Dhahran he chose factors like: Oil net household stock for last 6 mature ages, private non-oil net residential product, Import of merchandise and enterprises for last 10 mature ages, and populace size for last 2 mature ages. The residential and universal existent and guage figure of riders for the city of Dhahran for the mature ages 1993 through 1998 is demonstrated as follows. Prognosiss thought little of the existent travel. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error ( MAPE ) for local travel is around 10 % , while for worldwide travel is around 3 % . Figure3: Forecasting outcomes from Abdullah Omer BaFail3 The detract from the Abdullah Omer BaFail3 for me is that the productive forecast hypothetical record can be imagined using ANN on the off chance that we using the privilege impacting indexs. In this review a few indexs which impact are oil net residential product and per capita pay in the household and global parts. In position of the fluctuating idea of the rider utilization of air hose benefits in Saudi Arabia, certain proposals were made. The majority of these suggestions were so as to better the flexibleness of the framework to the changes sought after and gracefully. Center point and spike hypothetical record was other than proposed as arrangements in specific parts to build the flexibleness in seting their ability designations across business sectors as new data about interest conditions become accessible. Use of Data Mining procedure to prognosticate the Airline Passengers No-show Ratess Aircrafts overbook the flights dependent on the standpoint that some per centum of connected riders will non demo for each flight. Exact prognosiss of the normal figure of flake-outs for each flight can build air hose net by cut bringing down the figure of transient seats ( void seats that may some way or another hold been sold ) and the figure of nonvoluntary denied embarkation s at the going door. Regularly, the least difficult way is to go for mean flake-out paces of generally comparable flights, without the utilization of traveler explicit data. Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 in their examination paper anticipated the flake-out rates using explicit data on the single riders set up for each flight. The Airlines offer various menus in various booking class. The figure of seats apportioned to each reserving class is driven by interest for every classification, with the end goal that gross is expanded. For outline, scarcely any seats can be kept on catch for the very late explorers with high menus and figure of seats sold in lower-admission classifications prior in the commitment technique. Footings and states of retraction and flake-out other than shift in every classification. The flake-outs results in lost gross if the flight withdraws with void seats that may some way or another hold been sold. Close to precise prognosiss of the normal figure of flake-outs for each flight are extremely much alluring in light of the fact that the under-expectation of flake-outs prompts loss of conceivable gross from void seats, while over-forecast can deliver a significant cost discipline related with denied embarkations at the going entryway furthermore make customer disappointment. In the least difficult hypothetical record, the overbooking bound is taken as the limit in addition to the assessed figure of flake-outs. Commitment are presented to this degree. Flake-outs Numberss are anticipated using time-arrangement techniques, for example, taking the occasionally heavy voyaging standard of flake-outs for old instances of a similar flight. Figure4: No-show inclination over yearss to flight Starting: Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 The basic hypothetical record does non take history of explicit highlights of the riders. Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 in his overview utilized order technique, in like manner Kalka and Weber5 at Lufthansa utilized inception trees to figure traveler level flake-out possibilities, and contrasted their reality and customary, verifiable based strategies. I attempted to summarize L
Friday, July 31, 2020
Psychological Fixations and How They Develop
Psychological Fixations and How They Develop Theories Developmental Psychology Print Psychological Fixations and How They Develop By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 23, 2019 More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology A fixation is a persistent focus of the idâs pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier stage of psychosexual development. These fixations occur when an issue or conflict in a psychosexual stage remains unresolved, leaving the individual focused on this stage and unable to move onto the next. For example, individuals with oral fixations may have problems with drinking, smoking, eating, or nail-biting. Verywell / Cindy Chung How Fixations Develop According to psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, children develop through a series of psychosexual stages during which the idâs libidinal energies become focused on different areas of the body. During the anal stage, for example, a child supposedly gains a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment by controlling his or her bladder and bowel movements. So what does this have to do with the development of a fixation? Freud believed that the development of a healthy adult personality was the result of successfully completing each of the psychosexual stages. At each point in development, children face a conflict that must be resolved in order to move successfully on to the next stage. How this conflict is resolved plays a role in the formation of adult personality. Failing to successfully complete a stage, Freud suggested, would cause that person to remain essentially âstuck.â In other words, they would become fixated at that point in development. In addition to resulting from failure at a certain stage of psychosexual development, Freud also believed that fixations could result if a particular stage left a dominant impression on an individuals personality. Resolving the psychosexual conflicts requires a considerable amount of the libidoâs energy. If a great deal of this energy is expended at a particular point in development, the events of that stage may ultimately leave a stronger impression on that individualâs personality. Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development Examples of Fixations Oral Fixations: As mentioned previously, Freud might suggest that nail-biting, smoking, gum-chewing and excessive drinking are signs of an oral fixation. This would indicate that the individual did not resolve the primary conflicts during the earliest stage of psychosexual development, the oral stage. For example, Freud might suggest that if a child has issues during the weaning process, they might develop an oral fixation. Anal Fixations: The second stage of psychosexual development is known as the anal stage since it is primarily focused on controlling bowel movements. Fixations at this point in development can lead to what Freud called anal-retentive and anal-expulsive personalities. Anal-retentive individuals may have experienced overly strict and harsh potty training as children and may grow to be overly obsessed with orderliness and tidiness.Anal-expulsive individuals, on the other hand, may have experienced very lax potty training resulting in them being very messy and disorganized as adults. In either case, both types of fixations result from not properly resolving the critical conflict that takes place during that stage of development. Phallic Fixations: The phallic stage of development is primarily focused on identifying with the same-sex parent. Freud suggested that fixations at this point could lead to adult personalities that are overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive. At this stage, of development boys may develop what Freud referred to as an Oedipus complex. Girls may develop an analogous issue known as an Electra complex. If not resolved, these complexes may linger and continue to affect behavior into adulthood, according to Freud. What Is an Oedipus Complex? Can Fixations Be Resolved? So how exactly are fixations resolved? According to Freuds psychoanalytic theory, the process of transference played an important role in treating such fixations. Essentially, an old fixation is transferred to a new one, allowing the person to consciously deal with the problem. The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to often utilize the process of transference to release the energies of fixations. A Word From Verywell Fixations were important to Freudian and many neo-Freudian theories. One major problem is that while early theorists connected fixations to specific childhood events, it is difficult or impossible to link adult fixations such as nail-biting to a specific triggering conflict in early childhood. If you do have a problematic behavior or fixation on a particular object or habit, there are things that you can do to overcome such tendencies. Behavior, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioral therapies, for example, are often used to develop newer, more productive thought and behavior patterns. What Did the Neo-Freudians Believe?
Friday, May 22, 2020
Comparing Ancient India And China - 2142 Words
Ancient India and China The ancient civilizations of India and China were possibly the most advanced of their time. Both countries had much to offer in that time including new technology, governments, religions, and items to trade. The two countries have and had had many similarities and contrasts. The geography of ancient India was a little different than what is to this day. The Himalayan mountains are located in the Northern part of India and the Hindu Kush are located in the North West. Three bodies of water surround southern India, the Arabian sea is to the south west, the Indian ocean on the southern side, and The Bay of Bengal to the southeast. India was extended more to the Northwest and west, in ancient times. Jungles, forests, and mountains are great examples of the geography of India. The Himalayan mountains still lay to the north. The Himalayan mountains were great to the development of Indiaââ¬â¢s early civilizations. They provided a great deal of protection from military invasions. In the east and west other mountains also provided the same protection. Ancient India had some of the most extreme climatic and geographical features. China is located on the the continent of Asia. The civilizations began to form around the Yellow River in 2000 BCE. Chinaââ¬â¢s culture is still the same but three other civilizations have gone away or been taken over. The southern region of ancient China was wet and tropical, the northwestern part of China was desert. In the very farShow MoreRelatedComparing And Contrasting Cultures Essay1417 Words à |à 6 PagesTyler King COLââ¬â299ââ¬âN13 Comparing Cultures October 21, 2017 Comparing Cultures When comparing cultures, one must form a definition of what culture is. Culture can be easily defined as the social behavior and normalityââ¬â¢s found in human societies. It can also be easily made up of a composed arrangement of educated conduct and thought designs. Culture is a sorted out framework since it includes many parts. Throughout the world, there are many cultures that are both very different and also very similarRead MorePest Analysis for India1088 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Rise of India India, one of four great ancient civilizations, has a splendid history, and it also has an important influence and effect on the development of world civilization. Indiaââ¬â¢s societal development was lost during the period of British colonialism. However this indomitable nation is now rapidly developing. Since the 21st century when globalization swept the world, India has gotten the chance to move. India is rising. The paper will use PEST political environment, economic environmentRead MoreChin The Four Noble Truths1353 Words à |à 6 PagesBetween 220 and 570 C.E., China experienced a political instability and disunity, which opened the way to the spread of Buddhism. Before this new way of life could take hold, however, the Chinese people had to learn the teachings of Buddha, such as the first sermon preached by Buddha in the fifth century B.C.E., known as ââ¬Å"The Four Noble Truths.â⬠Although Buddhism eventually became popular throughout China, there was opposition t o the new beliefs and Chinese people struggled with replacing theirRead MoreThe Radical Idea Of Marrying For Love923 Words à |à 4 Pagesorganizing the information into a timeline starting with marriage in the ancient times, love in African tribes, adultery throughout history, monogamy, and marriage now in Western society. Most of Western society bases getting married on the idea of ââ¬Å"love until death.â⬠Coontz argues that this Western invention is and has often been seen as radical. First of all, Coontz begins her article by focusing on Ancient societies such as Ancient Greek and France during the Middle Ages, and how they shared theRead MoreSimilarities Between Buddhism and Christianity814 Words à |à 4 Pagesdevelopment and cultural communication, some controversies have emerged. Religious conflicts are characteristic examples showing the detrimental influences of cultural globalization. It is generally acknowledged that Buddhism and Christianity are ancient and global religions; however, whether the belief in Buddhism is credible or not, has sparked spirited debate. The Christian believes the Buddha is a ââ¬Å"shadowâ⬠, and he is not to be believed. Actually, there are some similarities in terms of historiesRead MoreCultural Identity In Deaf Culture1444 Words à |à 6 Pagesfive-factor model of personality to arise interrupt the way cultures communicate more often, than seldom. The first article is on the Pedersen family. Theyââ¬â¢re of the White ethnicity the identity and similarities specifies their race, gender, and age comparing them as the all American Family. Meanwhile, their parents Rod and Jamie from San Francisco in Pleasanton, California, has 3 children: Zane, Jax and Kaleb entire family born deaf, except their oldest child Kaleb. In this family being of the same geneticRead MoreEssay on Opium Wars1685 Words à |à 7 PagesDrugs have been around for hundreds of years and it modifies normal body functions depending on the drug. During the 19th century, the Chinese had become a victim under the dangerous drug of Opium. When opium was first introduce in China it was like any other drug, addictive and harmful to the human body but the Chinese werenââ¬â¢t aware of the opium negative effects. Opium the narcotic drug is derived of from immature seed pods of poppy plants. Opium was used for pain relieving, it was one of the firstRead MorePoetry and Rhyme Scheme784 Words à |à 4 PagesArrival at the Seahawk Page 10 Ballad Simile, Metaphor, Two Examples of Personification Poetry Types to Choose Fromâ⬠¦ BALLAD Origin: France England (Europe) Commonly put to music A-B-C-B, D-E-F-E 8-6-8-6 Meter GHAZAL Origin: India and Middle East Dates to 12th Century Written in couplets with repeating word at the end of each couplet A-A, B-A, C-A, D-A, etc. GRIOT CALL AND RESPONSE Origin: Western Africa (Mostly Benin) Oral Tradition Numerous lines, No rhyme schemeRead MoreTaking a Look at Greek, Chinese and Indian Civilizations1995 Words à |à 8 PagesIndian civilizations. Ancient India began around 2600 B.C. and ended around 500 A.D. The civilization flourished around the Indus River, which is one of the greatest rivers in Asia. They were a well-organized and farming people. They had so many natural boundaries that protected them, so they didnââ¬â¢t have to take time to create a military, which let them prosper and have very important achievements. Ancient China began around 2205 B.C. and really ends around 256 B.C. Ancient China was a very large, longRead MoreComparing Religious And Political Authority Of Early Civilizations1352 Words à |à 6 PagesComparing Religious and Political Authority of Early Civilizations Civilization can be defined along lines of a sophisticated state of human society, whereby a high level of culture and science, as well as industry and government has been attained. This paper compares civilization in the line of authority, both in religious and political spheres among the three groups; Mesopotamia, Nile in Egypt and Indus Valley (Mahenjodaro and Harrapa) in India. Mesopotamia Political organization The name Mesopotamia
Sunday, May 10, 2020
Effects Of Ratifying The Constitution Robert Whitehill s...
Robert Whitehill was born July 21, 1738 in Pennsylvania, United States. He was the son of James and Rachel (Cresswell) Whitehill. He attended the common schools. He was a very successful adult and accomplished a lot in his adult life. He held a lot of political positions such as speaker of the senate, member of the State house of representatives, along with many other things. When ratifying the Constitution Robert Whitehillââ¬â¢s Speech on November, 28 1787 was ââ¬Å"If indeed the Constitution itself so well defined the powers of the government that no mistake could arise, and we were well assured that our governors would always act right, then we might be satisfied without an explicit reservation of those rights with which the people ought not, and mean not to part. . . . In entering into the social compact, men ought not to leave their rulers at large, but erect a permanent landmark by which they may learn the extent of their authority, and the people be able to discover the f irst encroachments on their libertiesâ⬠. What Whitehill meant by this is that the Constitution needed something to back up the liberties of the citizens and protect them from an overpowering government. Thus, leading to the creation of the Bill of Rights. The first 10 amendments of the Constitution are the Bill of Rights. They were written by James Madison for a greater constitutional protection of liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific limits on government power. Something that influenced James
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Summer Reading Assignment About a Boy Free Essays
Mr. Wilson English 11 5 September 2012 Summer Reading Assignment: About a Boy Insensible Will, who lives comfortably off of the money from a popular Christmas song his father wrote, comes up with the idea to join a Single Parents Alone Together, (SPAT), group in order to pick up single moms. What he chooses to overlook however, is the fact that he does not have any children. We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Reading Assignment: About a Boy or any similar topic only for you Order Now This sparks a chain of events beginning with him meeting Marcus, an awkward young teenage boy who is being raised by a depressed, single mother. Marcus is constantly tormented at school and feels as though he has no one to turn to. He becomes very fond of Will who is tolerant with him at first and begins to grow attached to his high strung personality. Marcus begins to gain confidence, learn how to deal with his mother, and win the affection of an older punk rocker girl named Ellie at his school. However spending time with Marcus begins to show Will just how empty his life really is. Marcus and Will cross paths at a SPAT get together when Marcusââ¬â¢s mom asks her friend Susie to bring him. That day is the when both Marcus and Willsââ¬â¢ life change forever. When arriving home from the SPAT party Susie, Marcus, and Will walk into Marcusââ¬â¢s mom Fiona passed out in her own vomit. In the mix of it all Marcus doesnââ¬â¢t even see that his mom had tried to overdose on pills. From that day forward Marcus constantly worried about his motherââ¬â¢s depression instead of worrying about himself, and how he gets picked on everyday at his school. It wasnââ¬â¢t until he met Will that Marcus realized why he was getting picked on. Fiona, Marcusââ¬â¢s mom, was in denial and believed that Marcus was just fine wearing ugly shoes, and listening to Mozart. Will helps him to find himself, and to shed his nerdy and dorky skin. As the months passed Marcus began to change and he started hanging out with this punk rocker girl Ellie. At first Marcus believed that he was in love with Ellie and that he could spend the rest of his life with her but after taking her to go see his father Marcus realizes she is just too different and crazy. At the end of the novel Will knows for sure that Marcus will be ok when he complains about Will asking Fiona to take out sheet music of Marcusââ¬â¢s old favorite nerdy singer. He knows the days of Marcus letting kids bully him, steal his shoes, and mock him for his old haircut are gone. Will did not only help Marcus, but Marcus helped him. Before he was ever involved with Marcus, Will was a pot smoking, lazy, self centered person. However after everything he went through with Marcus, Will changed, and for the better. At the end of the novel Will had found love with this beautiful single mother, Rachel. Even Will realized that himself. He had lost his shell and his cool and his distance, and he felt scared and vulnerable, but he got to be with Rachel, and thatââ¬â¢s all that mattered. Fiona at the beginning of the novel was a suicidal, depressed, and horrible mother. Even after trying to kill herself she was still horrible. She didnââ¬â¢t even notice how hard of a time Marcus was having at school and she wanted to take away Will from Marcus when he was the only thing making her son happy. But as Marcus changed so did Fiona. She was longer so depressed and no longer hated Marcus as her son. Even though she has lost a big part of Marcus, she got to stay away from the hospital because she was no longer depressed. Change makes you flexible, and helps go with the flow. Change makes you smarter. If things never changed, youââ¬â¢d never learn anything new. And every time you learn something new its makes you smarter than you were yesterday. Change reminds us that anything is possible. Itââ¬â¢s easy to think that anything thatââ¬â¢s stuck will always be that way. Marcus, Fiona and Will all learned how to improve their lives and it was all because of each other. How to cite Summer Reading Assignment: About a Boy, Essay examples
Wednesday, April 29, 2020
Token Economy Essay Example
Token Economy Paper The mode of action of Token Economy aims to increase the frequency of a patients desirable behaviours and decrease that of the undesirably behaviours. Tokens are used to dignify reinforcement and are used as part of a reinforcement schedule. Punishment is implemented by the withdrawal of tokens. There are six main steps: 1. the target behaviour is identified (reinforcement or punishment)à 2. the nature of the token is identifiedà 3. depending on how many tokens individual receive over the day, they will get a certain number of desired items.à 4. the exchange rate is determined (20 tokens for 1 chocolate bar)à 5. the location and time of day in which the tokens are exchanged is determined. Allyon and Azrin (1968), pioneered the Token Economy system, found that tokens were most effective when associated with behaviours already in a patients repertoires.à OLeary et al (1969) had no success witgh a behaviour modification programme byt found that a Token Economy system reduced disruptive behaviour in 5 out of 7 children studied.à Token Economies are important because, even though the introduction of chemotherapy in the 1950s meant that mental patients could live in community settings, this transition to community living required more than symptom reduction; living skills also had to be improved. (Lecomte et al, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Token Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Token Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Token Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most studies do not indicate whether desirable behaviours continue when tokens stop or whether the learning that takes place is an institutional setting generalizes to other settings. Furthermore, there is the issue of cure. Behaviour may change, which helps an individual to conduct a more normal life, but the mental illness remains (Comer, 2002). The method is expensive and time consuming: maintaining it required intensive training and concentrated effort, whereas simpler behaviour modification techniques may be just as effective and easier. Finally there is the problem of establishing effective rewards. To be successful, these must be tailored to the individual.à Like behaviour modification programmes, Token Economy is manipulative; Corrigan (1995) claimed that they are also abusive and humiliating. Withholding privileges and basic rights has been rules unethical by US courts (Emmelkamp, 1994).
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)