The Wall by Pink Floyd free essay sample

The Wall is a studio collection by the English stone gathering Pink Floyd. Roger Waters made the collection on November 30, 1979. The Wall is viewed as a stone show. The collection The Wall by Pink Floyd depicts sentiments of disconnection and uniqueness. The Wall is an inventive creation that shows mixing of tunes, quieting rhythms ,and remarkable audio cues. Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright are the five astounding and gifted artists that are a piece of Pink Floyd. The guitar, drums, bass, synthesizer, and consoles are for the most part the instruments that are utilized in this collection. In this collection there are an aggregate of two CD tracks. On every CD there are 13 tunes. The verses in the collection are restricted. All through the collection there are a few audio cues. These audio effects all have importance towards where the significance of every melody is going. For instance, in the melody, Thin Ice, the vocals start with the hints of an infant crying. We will compose a custom paper test on The Wall by Pink Floyd or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It switches rapidly to a harsher vocal educating the audience regarding the dangers of slight ice or the difficulties of life. The infant crying can show the bitterness that life can introduce. Different tunes like Mother show how moms are defensive and manufacture a divider to ensure their kids and watch over them throughout everyday life, â€Å"Mama’s going to keep infant comfortable and warm †. Pink Floyd is one of the most notable exemplary musical crews and their music is as yet performed all through the present reality. I had the chance to see a lazer light show acted in downtown Denver with my dad. I for one love to tune in to their music. My main tune by Pink Floyd is by a long shot Another block In the Wall, since everybody knows, â€Å"We don’t need no education†.

Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry Essay Example

Utilizations of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry Essay Reason and Scope All around the universe, the air hose industry could be depicted in scarcely any words, which is strongly competitory and dynamic . The air hose industry produces one million a large number of dollars each twelvemonth yet at the same time has an aggregate overall gain outskirt of under 1 % 1. Numerous Airlines are trying to recover from profound obligation. The reason for these are multifold-fuel money related qualities, high cyclicality and regularity, savage rivalry, high fixed expenses and numerous different issues identified with security and riders wellbeing. To ensure for the best financial outcome, Airline organizations are looking for with their generally originative in addition to data. Facts utilized in simultaneousness with informations mining methods permits exhaustive smart course and dynamic framework. Accomplishing these advantages in an auspicious and wise mode may help with resulting lower working costs, better customer administration, advertise battle, expanded total compensation outskirt and investor esteem expansion. This plan of this paper is to show the utilizations of informations mining methods on various features of air hose concern. For outline, to prognosticate the figure of local and worldwide air hose riders from a particular city/air terminal, to progressively money related worth the tickets relying upon regularity and request, to investigate the continuous round database to fix for CRM execution, to makes the operational judgments about cooking, powers, and entryway traffic stream, to help the security agencies for secure and safe trips for the rider exceptionally after 9/11 occurrence. Anticipate the Number of Passenger by utilizing Data Mining Technique We will compose a custom article test on Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Forecast is basic to any worry for arranging and gross heading, especially in the Airline business, where a bunch of arranging is required to purchase/rent new airplanes, to draw in group individuals, to happen the new openings in occupied airdromes and to obtain the gifts from many air power governments. In the case of Air travel, clump of regularity and cyclicality included. Travelers are bound to wing to some finishs dependent on the clasp of the twelvemonth. Business explorers are probably going to go weekdays than ends of the week. Early forenoon and eventide flights are wanted by concern explorers who need to help through a twenty-four hours s work at their completion and return a similar twenty-four hours. To ascertain the figure of rider, incredible anxious web ( ANN ) can be utilized. The aim of an apprehensive web is to larn to recognize frames in a given informations. When the anxious web has been prepared on tests of the given informations, it can do expectations by watching comparable structures in future informations. The developing components which may follow up on the air travel request rely upon a few things. Mauro Calvano2 in his study of movement Canada air power forecast 2002-2016 considered 12 significant financial factors as follows: Gross domestic product Individual Disposable salary Grown-up Populations US monetary Mentality Aircraft Yield Armada/course structure/Average Aircraft Size Traveler Load factors Work cost and productiveness Fuel cost/Fuel productivity Aircraft cost other than Fuel and Labor Traveler Traffic Allocation Assumptions New building Components 1 to 5 are connected interest side of the visualization Components 6 to 10 are identified with tasks and gracefully side Components 10 and 11 speak to the auxiliary modifications This authentic data is known as the examination set. A small amount of the general accessible data is saved for formalizing reality of the created anticipation hypothetical record. This saved data set is known as the expectation set in light of the fact that no data contained in it is utilized in any signifier during the advancement of the visualization hypothetical record. The data in the expectation set are utilized for demonstrating the genuine extrapolative belongingss of the created anticipation hypothetical record. The examination set is more distant partitioned into a planning set and a testing set. Data in the readiness set is utilized straight for the finding of the visualization hypothetical record, while data in the testing set is utilized in a roundabout way for a similar plan. Figure1: Forecasting Process Model For a given ANN engineering and a readiness set, the fundamental instrument behind most directed obtaining guidelines is the refreshing of the loads and the partiality footings, until the mean squared error ( MSE ) between the finished result anticipated by the web and the ideal final result ( the imprint ) is not exactly a pre-indicated resilience. Apprehensive networks are can be spoken to as beds of practical hubs. The most broad signifier of an anxious web hypothetical record utilized in expectation can be composed as: Y = F [ H1 ( x ) , H2 ( x ) , aë†â ¦ . , Hn ( x ) ] + U Where, Y is a dependant or final result variable, Ten is a lot of information/affecting factors, F A ; H s are web maps, and U is a hypothetical record botch. This information bed is associated with a covered bed. Hs are the covered bed hubs and speaks to various nonlinear maps. Every hub in a bed gets its contribution from the originating before bed through nexus which has loads doled out, which get balanced using a suitable procurement calculation and the data contained in the readiness set. Figure2: ANN Architecture Abdullah Omer BaFail3 did the review to ascertain the figure of air hose rider in Saudi Arabia. He chose the most affecting elements to compute the figure of local riders in the diverse metropoliss of Saudi Arabia. For Dhahran he chose factors like: Oil net household stock for last 6 mature ages, private non-oil net residential product, Import of merchandise and enterprises for last 10 mature ages, and populace size for last 2 mature ages. The residential and universal existent and guage figure of riders for the city of Dhahran for the mature ages 1993 through 1998 is demonstrated as follows. Prognosiss thought little of the existent travel. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error ( MAPE ) for local travel is around 10 % , while for worldwide travel is around 3 % . Figure3: Forecasting outcomes from Abdullah Omer BaFail3 The detract from the Abdullah Omer BaFail3 for me is that the productive forecast hypothetical record can be imagined using ANN on the off chance that we using the privilege impacting indexs. In this review a few indexs which impact are oil net residential product and per capita pay in the household and global parts. In position of the fluctuating idea of the rider utilization of air hose benefits in Saudi Arabia, certain proposals were made. The majority of these suggestions were so as to better the flexibleness of the framework to the changes sought after and gracefully. Center point and spike hypothetical record was other than proposed as arrangements in specific parts to build the flexibleness in seting their ability designations across business sectors as new data about interest conditions become accessible. Use of Data Mining procedure to prognosticate the Airline Passengers No-show Ratess Aircrafts overbook the flights dependent on the standpoint that some per centum of connected riders will non demo for each flight. Exact prognosiss of the normal figure of flake-outs for each flight can build air hose net by cut bringing down the figure of transient seats ( void seats that may some way or another hold been sold ) and the figure of nonvoluntary denied embarkation s at the going door. Regularly, the least difficult way is to go for mean flake-out paces of generally comparable flights, without the utilization of traveler explicit data. Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 in their examination paper anticipated the flake-out rates using explicit data on the single riders set up for each flight. The Airlines offer various menus in various booking class. The figure of seats apportioned to each reserving class is driven by interest for every classification, with the end goal that gross is expanded. For outline, scarcely any seats can be kept on catch for the very late explorers with high menus and figure of seats sold in lower-admission classifications prior in the commitment technique. Footings and states of retraction and flake-out other than shift in every classification. The flake-outs results in lost gross if the flight withdraws with void seats that may some way or another hold been sold. Close to precise prognosiss of the normal figure of flake-outs for each flight are extremely much alluring in light of the fact that the under-expectation of flake-outs prompts loss of conceivable gross from void seats, while over-forecast can deliver a significant cost discipline related with denied embarkations at the going entryway furthermore make customer disappointment. In the least difficult hypothetical record, the overbooking bound is taken as the limit in addition to the assessed figure of flake-outs. Commitment are presented to this degree. Flake-outs Numberss are anticipated using time-arrangement techniques, for example, taking the occasionally heavy voyaging standard of flake-outs for old instances of a similar flight. Figure4: No-show inclination over yearss to flight Starting: Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 The basic hypothetical record does non take history of explicit highlights of the riders. Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 in his overview utilized order technique, in like manner Kalka and Weber5 at Lufthansa utilized inception trees to figure traveler level flake-out possibilities, and contrasted their reality and customary, verifiable based strategies. I attempted to summarize L

Psychological Fixations and How They Develop

Psychological Fixations and How They Develop Theories Developmental Psychology Print Psychological Fixations and How They Develop By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 23, 2019 More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology A fixation is a persistent focus of the id’s pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier stage of psychosexual development. These fixations occur when an issue or conflict in a psychosexual stage remains unresolved, leaving the individual focused on this stage and unable to move onto the next. For example, individuals with oral fixations may have problems with drinking, smoking, eating, or nail-biting. Verywell / Cindy Chung How Fixations Develop According to psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, children develop through a series of psychosexual stages during which the id’s libidinal energies become focused on different areas of the body. During the anal stage, for example, a child supposedly gains a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment by controlling his or her bladder and bowel movements. So what does this have to do with the development of a fixation? Freud believed that the development of a healthy adult personality was the result of successfully completing each of the psychosexual stages. At each point in development, children face a conflict that must be resolved in order to move successfully on to the next stage. How this conflict is resolved plays a role in the formation of adult personality. Failing to successfully complete a stage, Freud suggested, would cause that person to remain essentially “stuck.” In other words, they would become fixated at that point in development. In addition to resulting from failure at a certain stage of psychosexual development, Freud also believed that fixations could result if a particular stage left a dominant impression on an individuals personality. Resolving the psychosexual conflicts requires a considerable amount of the libido’s energy. If a great deal of this energy is expended at a particular point in development, the events of that stage may ultimately leave a stronger impression on that individual’s personality. Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development Examples of Fixations Oral Fixations: As mentioned previously, Freud might suggest that nail-biting, smoking, gum-chewing and excessive drinking are signs of an oral fixation. This would indicate that the individual did not resolve the primary conflicts during the earliest stage of psychosexual development, the oral stage. For example, Freud might suggest that if a child has issues during the weaning process, they might develop an oral fixation. Anal Fixations: The second stage of psychosexual development is known as the anal stage since it is primarily focused on controlling bowel movements. Fixations at this point in development can lead to what Freud called anal-retentive and anal-expulsive personalities. Anal-retentive individuals may have experienced overly strict and harsh potty training as children and may grow to be overly obsessed with orderliness and tidiness.Anal-expulsive individuals, on the other hand, may have experienced very lax potty training resulting in them being very messy and disorganized as adults. In either case, both types of fixations result from not properly resolving the critical conflict that takes place during that stage of development. Phallic Fixations: The phallic stage of development is primarily focused on identifying with the same-sex parent. Freud suggested that fixations at this point could lead to adult personalities that are overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive. At this stage, of development boys may develop what Freud referred to as an Oedipus complex. Girls may develop an analogous issue known as an Electra complex. If not resolved, these complexes may linger and continue to affect behavior into adulthood, according to Freud. What Is an Oedipus Complex? Can Fixations Be Resolved? So how exactly are fixations resolved? According to Freuds psychoanalytic theory, the process of transference played an important role in treating such fixations. Essentially, an old fixation is transferred to a new one, allowing the person to consciously deal with the problem. The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to often utilize the process of transference to release the energies of fixations. A Word From Verywell Fixations were important to Freudian and many neo-Freudian theories. One major problem is that while early theorists connected fixations to specific childhood events, it is difficult or impossible to link adult fixations such as nail-biting to a specific triggering conflict in early childhood. If you do have a problematic behavior or fixation on a particular object or habit, there are things that you can do to overcome such tendencies. Behavior, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioral therapies, for example, are often used to develop newer, more productive thought and behavior patterns. What Did the Neo-Freudians Believe?

Comparing Ancient India And China - 2142 Words

Ancient India and China The ancient civilizations of India and China were possibly the most advanced of their time. Both countries had much to offer in that time including new technology, governments, religions, and items to trade. The two countries have and had had many similarities and contrasts. The geography of ancient India was a little different than what is to this day. The Himalayan mountains are located in the Northern part of India and the Hindu Kush are located in the North West. Three bodies of water surround southern India, the Arabian sea is to the south west, the Indian ocean on the southern side, and The Bay of Bengal to the southeast. India was extended more to the Northwest and west, in ancient times. Jungles, forests, and mountains are great examples of the geography of India. The Himalayan mountains still lay to the north. The Himalayan mountains were great to the development of India’s early civilizations. They provided a great deal of protection from military invasions. In the east and west other mountains also provided the same protection. Ancient India had some of the most extreme climatic and geographical features. China is located on the the continent of Asia. The civilizations began to form around the Yellow River in 2000 BCE. China’s culture is still the same but three other civilizations have gone away or been taken over. The southern region of ancient China was wet and tropical, the northwestern part of China was desert. In the very farShow MoreRelatedComparing And Contrasting Cultures Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesTyler King COL–299–N13 Comparing Cultures October 21, 2017 Comparing Cultures When comparing cultures, one must form a definition of what culture is. Culture can be easily defined as the social behavior and normality’s found in human societies. It can also be easily made up of a composed arrangement of educated conduct and thought designs. Culture is a sorted out framework since it includes many parts. Throughout the world, there are many cultures that are both very different and also very similarRead MorePest Analysis for India1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rise of India India, one of four great ancient civilizations, has a splendid history, and it also has an important influence and effect on the development of world civilization. India’s societal development was lost during the period of British colonialism. However this indomitable nation is now rapidly developing. Since the 21st century when globalization swept the world, India has gotten the chance to move. India is rising. The paper will use PEST political environment, economic environmentRead MoreChin The Four Noble Truths1353 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 220 and 570 C.E., China experienced a political instability and disunity, which opened the way to the spread of Buddhism. Before this new way of life could take hold, however, the Chinese people had to learn the teachings of Buddha, such as the first sermon preached by Buddha in the fifth century B.C.E., known as â€Å"The Four Noble Truths.† Although Buddhism eventually became popular throughout China, there was opposition t o the new beliefs and Chinese people struggled with replacing theirRead MoreThe Radical Idea Of Marrying For Love923 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizing the information into a timeline starting with marriage in the ancient times, love in African tribes, adultery throughout history, monogamy, and marriage now in Western society. Most of Western society bases getting married on the idea of â€Å"love until death.† Coontz argues that this Western invention is and has often been seen as radical. First of all, Coontz begins her article by focusing on Ancient societies such as Ancient Greek and France during the Middle Ages, and how they shared theRead MoreSimilarities Between Buddhism and Christianity814 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment and cultural communication, some controversies have emerged. Religious conflicts are characteristic examples showing the detrimental influences of cultural globalization. It is generally acknowledged that Buddhism and Christianity are ancient and global religions; however, whether the belief in Buddhism is credible or not, has sparked spirited debate. The Christian believes the Buddha is a â€Å"shadow†, and he is not to be believed. Actually, there are some similarities in terms of historiesRead MoreCultural Identity In Deaf Culture1444 Words   |  6 Pagesfive-factor model of personality to arise interrupt the way cultures communicate more often, than seldom. The first article is on the Pedersen family. They’re of the White ethnicity the identity and similarities specifies their race, gender, and age comparing them as the all American Family. Meanwhile, their parents Rod and Jamie from San Francisco in Pleasanton, California, has 3 children: Zane, Jax and Kaleb entire family born deaf, except their oldest child Kaleb. In this family being of the same geneticRead MoreEssay on Opium Wars1685 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs have been around for hundreds of years and it modifies normal body functions depending on the drug. During the 19th century, the Chinese had become a victim under the dangerous drug of Opium. When opium was first introduce in China it was like any other drug, addictive and harmful to the human body but the Chinese weren’t aware of the opium negative effects. Opium the narcotic drug is derived of from immature seed pods of poppy plants. Opium was used for pain relieving, it was one of the firstRead MorePoetry and Rhyme Scheme784 Words   |  4 PagesArrival at the Seahawk Page 10 Ballad Simile, Metaphor, Two Examples of Personification Poetry Types to Choose From†¦ BALLAD Origin: France England (Europe) Commonly put to music A-B-C-B, D-E-F-E 8-6-8-6 Meter GHAZAL Origin: India and Middle East Dates to 12th Century Written in couplets with repeating word at the end of each couplet A-A, B-A, C-A, D-A, etc. GRIOT CALL AND RESPONSE Origin: Western Africa (Mostly Benin) Oral Tradition Numerous lines, No rhyme schemeRead MoreTaking a Look at Greek, Chinese and Indian Civilizations1995 Words   |  8 PagesIndian civilizations. Ancient India began around 2600 B.C. and ended around 500 A.D. The civilization flourished around the Indus River, which is one of the greatest rivers in Asia. They were a well-organized and farming people. They had so many natural boundaries that protected them, so they didn’t have to take time to create a military, which let them prosper and have very important achievements. Ancient China began around 2205 B.C. and really ends around 256 B.C. Ancient China was a very large, longRead MoreComparing Religious And Political Authority Of Early Civilizations1352 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Religious and Political Authority of Early Civilizations Civilization can be defined along lines of a sophisticated state of human society, whereby a high level of culture and science, as well as industry and government has been attained. This paper compares civilization in the line of authority, both in religious and political spheres among the three groups; Mesopotamia, Nile in Egypt and Indus Valley (Mahenjodaro and Harrapa) in India. Mesopotamia Political organization The name Mesopotamia

Effects Of Ratifying The Constitution Robert Whitehill s...

Robert Whitehill was born July 21, 1738 in Pennsylvania, United States. He was the son of James and Rachel (Cresswell) Whitehill. He attended the common schools. He was a very successful adult and accomplished a lot in his adult life. He held a lot of political positions such as speaker of the senate, member of the State house of representatives, along with many other things. When ratifying the Constitution Robert Whitehill’s Speech on November, 28 1787 was â€Å"If indeed the Constitution itself so well defined the powers of the government that no mistake could arise, and we were well assured that our governors would always act right, then we might be satisfied without an explicit reservation of those rights with which the people ought not, and mean not to part. . . . In entering into the social compact, men ought not to leave their rulers at large, but erect a permanent landmark by which they may learn the extent of their authority, and the people be able to discover the f irst encroachments on their liberties†. What Whitehill meant by this is that the Constitution needed something to back up the liberties of the citizens and protect them from an overpowering government. Thus, leading to the creation of the Bill of Rights. The first 10 amendments of the Constitution are the Bill of Rights. They were written by James Madison for a greater constitutional protection of liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific limits on government power. Something that influenced James

Summer Reading Assignment About a Boy Free Essays

Mr. Wilson English 11 5 September 2012 Summer Reading Assignment: About a Boy Insensible Will, who lives comfortably off of the money from a popular Christmas song his father wrote, comes up with the idea to join a Single Parents Alone Together, (SPAT), group in order to pick up single moms. What he chooses to overlook however, is the fact that he does not have any children. We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Reading Assignment: About a Boy or any similar topic only for you Order Now This sparks a chain of events beginning with him meeting Marcus, an awkward young teenage boy who is being raised by a depressed, single mother. Marcus is constantly tormented at school and feels as though he has no one to turn to. He becomes very fond of Will who is tolerant with him at first and begins to grow attached to his high strung personality. Marcus begins to gain confidence, learn how to deal with his mother, and win the affection of an older punk rocker girl named Ellie at his school. However spending time with Marcus begins to show Will just how empty his life really is. Marcus and Will cross paths at a SPAT get together when Marcus’s mom asks her friend Susie to bring him. That day is the when both Marcus and Wills’ life change forever. When arriving home from the SPAT party Susie, Marcus, and Will walk into Marcus’s mom Fiona passed out in her own vomit. In the mix of it all Marcus doesn’t even see that his mom had tried to overdose on pills. From that day forward Marcus constantly worried about his mother’s depression instead of worrying about himself, and how he gets picked on everyday at his school. It wasn’t until he met Will that Marcus realized why he was getting picked on. Fiona, Marcus’s mom, was in denial and believed that Marcus was just fine wearing ugly shoes, and listening to Mozart. Will helps him to find himself, and to shed his nerdy and dorky skin. As the months passed Marcus began to change and he started hanging out with this punk rocker girl Ellie. At first Marcus believed that he was in love with Ellie and that he could spend the rest of his life with her but after taking her to go see his father Marcus realizes she is just too different and crazy. At the end of the novel Will knows for sure that Marcus will be ok when he complains about Will asking Fiona to take out sheet music of Marcus’s old favorite nerdy singer. He knows the days of Marcus letting kids bully him, steal his shoes, and mock him for his old haircut are gone. Will did not only help Marcus, but Marcus helped him. Before he was ever involved with Marcus, Will was a pot smoking, lazy, self centered person. However after everything he went through with Marcus, Will changed, and for the better. At the end of the novel Will had found love with this beautiful single mother, Rachel. Even Will realized that himself. He had lost his shell and his cool and his distance, and he felt scared and vulnerable, but he got to be with Rachel, and that’s all that mattered. Fiona at the beginning of the novel was a suicidal, depressed, and horrible mother. Even after trying to kill herself she was still horrible. She didn’t even notice how hard of a time Marcus was having at school and she wanted to take away Will from Marcus when he was the only thing making her son happy. But as Marcus changed so did Fiona. She was longer so depressed and no longer hated Marcus as her son. Even though she has lost a big part of Marcus, she got to stay away from the hospital because she was no longer depressed. Change makes you flexible, and helps go with the flow. Change makes you smarter. If things never changed, you’d never learn anything new. And every time you learn something new its makes you smarter than you were yesterday. Change reminds us that anything is possible. It’s easy to think that anything that’s stuck will always be that way. Marcus, Fiona and Will all learned how to improve their lives and it was all because of each other. How to cite Summer Reading Assignment: About a Boy, Essay examples

Token Economy Essay Example

Token Economy Paper The mode of action of Token Economy aims to increase the frequency of a patients desirable behaviours and decrease that of the undesirably behaviours. Tokens are used to dignify reinforcement and are used as part of a reinforcement schedule. Punishment is implemented by the withdrawal of tokens. There are six main steps: 1. the target behaviour is identified (reinforcement or punishment)  2. the nature of the token is identified  3. depending on how many tokens individual receive over the day, they will get a certain number of desired items.  4. the exchange rate is determined (20 tokens for 1 chocolate bar)  5. the location and time of day in which the tokens are exchanged is determined. Allyon and Azrin (1968), pioneered the Token Economy system, found that tokens were most effective when associated with behaviours already in a patients repertoires.  OLeary et al (1969) had no success witgh a behaviour modification programme byt found that a Token Economy system reduced disruptive behaviour in 5 out of 7 children studied.  Token Economies are important because, even though the introduction of chemotherapy in the 1950s meant that mental patients could live in community settings, this transition to community living required more than symptom reduction; living skills also had to be improved. (Lecomte et al, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Token Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Token Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Token Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most studies do not indicate whether desirable behaviours continue when tokens stop or whether the learning that takes place is an institutional setting generalizes to other settings. Furthermore, there is the issue of cure. Behaviour may change, which helps an individual to conduct a more normal life, but the mental illness remains (Comer, 2002). The method is expensive and time consuming: maintaining it required intensive training and concentrated effort, whereas simpler behaviour modification techniques may be just as effective and easier. Finally there is the problem of establishing effective rewards. To be successful, these must be tailored to the individual.  Like behaviour modification programmes, Token Economy is manipulative; Corrigan (1995) claimed that they are also abusive and humiliating. Withholding privileges and basic rights has been rules unethical by US courts (Emmelkamp, 1994).

How To Create Effective Visual Content With Ashton Hauff from CoSchedule [AMP 032] - CoSchedule Blog

How To Create Effective Visual Content With Ashton Hauff from [AMP 032] Blog Have you ever said, â€Å"make it pop,† to your graphic designer? While you know what you mean, it’s likely that your graphic designer does not have the same mental image you do. Today’s episode is going to be about collaborating with your designer to make an amazing image that pops the way you want it to. It’s all about communication! How Ashton got into design and why she loves it. Why digital design is such an important part of the marketing process, as well as why some types of design just add visual clutter and are ineffective. How Ashton makes sure that her designs are intentional and relevant to the blog posts or projects she’s working on. She also talks about how she goes about storytelling through her designs. Tips on finding a theme and settling on colors for a particular project. Why communication is an integral part of the design process. Some of the problems that designers can encounter when they’re working with marketing teams. Why it’s so important that a marketing team trust the designer’s expertise. How marketers can work with designers when there’s something they don’t like in the image. Why simplicity matters for high-quality designs, as well as why simple designs can be challenging to create. Why agility is important, as well as how much Ashton creates over the course of a week. Examples of times when things just went wrong with Ashton’s design process, including what ended up being the problem and lessons she learned. Ashton’s vision of the future of design in marketing, as well as her advice for people just getting started in design. Links: Ashton’s archive on Latent Semantic Indexing blog post .com Lynda.com Canva.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Ashton: â€Å"Design is such a huge part of marketing because we’re such a visually led society.† â€Å"You have to know what story you’re telling before you jump into design.† â€Å"You have to trust that your designer knows what they’re doing. There are a lot of elements to design that the everyday person doesn’t notice. We see all of the different layers that make that piece what it is.† â€Å"Over-communicate early on. Don’t be afraid to ask questions.†

Battle of Fuentes de Onoro - Peninsular War - Duke of Wellington

Battle of Fuentes de Onoro - Peninsular War - Duke of Wellington The Battle of Fuentes de Oà ±oro was fought May 3-5, 1811, during the Peninsular War which was part of the larger Napoleonic Wars. Armies and Commanders Allies Viscount Wellingtonapprox. 38,000 men French Marshal Andre Massenaapprox. 46,000 men Buildup to Battle Having been stopped before the Lines of Torres Vedras in late 1810, Marshal Andre Massena began withdrawing French forces from Portugal the following spring. Emerging from their defenses, British and Portuguese troops, led by Viscount Wellington, began moving towards the border in pursuit. As part of this effort, Wellington laid siege to the border cities of Badajoz, Ciudad Rodrigo, and Almeida. Seeking to regain the initiative, Massena regrouped and began marching to relieve Almeida. Concerned about the French movements, Wellington shifted his forces to cover the city and defend its approaches. Receiving reports regarding Massenas route to Almeida, he deployed the bulk of his army near the village of Fuentes de Oà ±oro. The British Defenses Located to the southeast of Almeida, Fuentes de Oà ±oro sat on the west bank of the Rio Don Casas and was backed by a long ridge to the west and north. After barricading the village, Wellington formed his troops along the heights with the intention of fighting a defensive battle against Massenas slightly larger army. Directing the 1st Division to hold the village, Wellington placed the 5th, 6th, 3rd, and Light Divisions on the ridge to the north, while the 7th Division was in reserve. To cover his right, a force of guerillas, led by Julian Sanchez, was positioned on a hill to the south. On May 3, Massena approached Fuentes de Oà ±oro with four army corps and a cavalry reserve numbering around 46,000 men. These were supported a force of 800 Imperial Guard cavalry led by Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessià ¨res. Massena Attacks After reconnoitering Wellingtons position, Massena pushed troops across the Don Casas and launched a frontal attack against Fuentes de Oà ±oro. This was supported by an artillery bombardment of the Allied position. Surging into the village, troops from General Louis Loisins VI Corps clashed with troops from Major General Miles Nightingalls 1st Division and Major General Thomas Pictons 3rd Division. As the afternoon progressed, the French slowly pushed British forces back until a determined counterattack saw them thrown from the village. With night approaching, Massena recalled his forces. Unwilling to directly attack the village again, Massena spent most of May 4 scouting the enemys lines. Shifting South These efforts led to Massena discovering that Wellingtons right was largely exposed and only covered by Sanchezs men near the village of Poco Velho. Seeking to exploit this weakness, Massena began shifting forces south with the goal of attacking the next day. Spotting the French movements, Wellington directed Major General John Houston to form his 7th Division on the plain south of Fuentes de Oà ±oro to extend the line towards Poco Velho. Around dawn on May 5, French cavalry led by General Louis-Pierre Montbrun as well as infantry from the divisions of Generals Jean Marchand, Julien Mermet, and Jean Solignac crossed the Don Casas and moved against the Allied right. Sweeping the guerillas aside, this force soon fell on Houstons men (Map). Preventing a Collapse Coming under intense pressure, the 7th Division faced being overwhelmed. Reacting to the crisis, Wellington ordered Houston to fall back to the ridge and dispatched cavalry and Brigadier General Robert Craufurds Light Division to their aid. Falling into line, Craufurds men, along with artillery and cavalry support, provided cover for the 7th Division as it conducted a fighting withdrawal. As the 7th Division fell back, the British cavalry harried the enemy artillery and engaged the French horsemen. With the battle reaching a critical moment, Montbrun requested reinforcement from Massena to turn the tide. Dispatching an aide to bring up Bessià ¨res cavalry, Massena was furious when the Imperial Guard cavalry failed to respond. As a result, the 7th Division was able to escape and reach the safety of the ridge. There it formed a new line, along with the 1st and Light Divisions, which extended west from Fuentes de Oà ±oro. Recognizing the strength of this position, Massena elected not to press the attack further. To support the effort against the Allied right, Massena also launched as series of attacks against Fuentes de Oà ±oro. These were conducted by men from General Claude Fereys division as well as General Jean-Baptiste Drouets IX Corps. Largely striking the 74th and 79th Foot, these efforts nearly succeeded in driving the defenders from the village. While a counterattack threw Fereys men back, Wellington was forced to commit reinforcements to break Drouets assault. Fighting continued through the afternoon with the French resorting to bayonet attacks. As the infantry assault on Fuentes de Oà ±oro faltered, Massenas artillery opened with another bombardment of the Allied lines. This had little effect and by nightfall the French withdrew from the village. In the darkness, Wellington ordered his army to entrench on the heights. Faced with a strengthened enemy position, Massena elected to retreat to Ciudad Rodrigo three days later. The Aftermath In the fighting at the Battle of Fuentes de Oà ±oro, Wellington sustained 235 killed, 1,234 wounded, and 317 captured. French losses numbered 308 killed, 2,147 wounded, and 201 captured. Though Wellington did not consider the battle to be a great victory, the action at Fuentes de Oà ±oro allowed him to continue the siege of Almeida. The city fell to Allied forces on May 11, though its garrison successfully escaped. In the wake of the fighting, Massena was recalled by Napoleon and replaced by Marshal Auguste Marmont. On May 16, Allied forces under Marshal William Beresford clashed with the French at Albuera. After a lull in the fighting, Wellington resumed his advance into Spain in January 1812 and later won victories at Badajoz, Salamanca, and Vitoria. Sources British Battles: Battle of Fuentes de OnoroPeninsular War: Battle of Fuentes de OnoroHistory of War: Battle of Fuentes de Onoro

Motivation in Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Motivation in Business - Assignment Example There are many reasons why it is important to have a highly motivated workforce and all of them have become integral parts of the bottom line, to give something positive for the organization’s performance, especially in a highly competitive environment. In this paper, the author tries to incorporate some reasons why it is important to have a highly motivated workforce in an organization. From the perspective of a business consultant, some important moves in order to increase the motivation of employees and the implementation of these actions are discussed. The importance of motivation Motivation has varying definitions because there are different approaches that could explain it including instinct, drive, arousal, incentive, cognitive, and the hierarchy of needs (Feldman, 2003). At some point, it is more effective to combine all these approaches in order to explain what motivation is all about. For example, an individual’s effort to survive after an accident can be expl ained as an impact of his instinct to survive, then he would seek for medical help from the perspective of drive-reduction, and then his expectation that the doctors could help him can be justified using the cognitive perspective (Feldman, 2003). Applying the concept of motivation at work is important for the organization to tap the maximum potential of its workforce. ...Although, for instance, the lack of creativity may not simply imply a lack of motivation because not all people are creative in nature or has the ability to be creative. Fortunately, employees can be motivated in order to achieve the expected energy, commitment, and creativity. Energy It is important to motivate employees because motivation can actually provide them with the energy they need in order to perform their maximum function. From the point of view of Herzberg’s two-factor theory, employee’s satisfaction at work can significantly provide them with substantially high energy in order to do what they are expected of (French et al., 2008). However, Herzberg just emphasized that employees should have the ability and opportunity prior to motivating them.

Paper on Drugs in Media - The Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper on Drugs in Media - The Wall - Essay Example Death, bloodshed, loss of mutual trust and frailty of life plagued human existence to such an extent that common people developed an escapist approach from their human existence. Compared to the adults, sensitive minds of young generation were affected to a greater extent. On one hand they wised to enjoy a healthy and jovial social life but their hopes and aspirations were repeatedly obstructed by utilitarian approach of the modern society. Finally, in search of their dreams and aspirations, which were strictly forbidden by the society, they chose to take refuge amidst nihilistic world of drugs. Apart from several socio-political aspects, increasing rate of drug abuse has been one of the most primary concerns for the late 20th and early 21st century world. Though backdrop of the entire situation was prepared since end of the Second World War, Western social discourse witnessed devastating effect of drug abuse since 1980s onwards. At the same time, technological empowerment provided extra boost to media when it came to highlighting the evil effects of drug over young generation. Films, televisions broadcasting, advertisements, literature, painting – almost all forms of Art provided considerable amount of focus over the habit of drug abuse among young people. Governance of various Western nations also expressed their concern over such self-destructive obsession. They also came up with several types of administrative policies to control the habit of drug abuse among young people but in reality, none of those steps proved to be effective. Main reason behind such failure was that the policies, though were aimed at restraining youths from being addicted to drugs, were focused over solving the problem superficially, whereas root of the problem went deeper into the core of Western social existence. The Wall, a famous British musical film, has pondered over the essential issues that have played the most important part in orienting post modern youth

Advanced Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation For Neurological Patients Physical Education Essay

Advanced Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation For Neurological Patients Physical Education Essay Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) consists of patterns and techniques used for stimulating the humans proprioceptors to promote neuromuscular system response (1) PNF techniques: PNF techniques, aims, and principle: The first PNF technique is timing for emphasis, whose aim to strength and improve endurance in weak muscle groups, correct muscle imbalance, and increase ROM. This technique is based on the principle of using strong component to facilitate movement on the weaker component normal timing from distal to proximal, but the pattern can be altered by doing what the patient needs. Second PNF technique is hold-relax, aims to achieve relaxation, and increase ROM if pain is present. Based on the principle of moving the joint actively or passively to the limited range, then provides isometric contraction to the opposite pattern muscles with maximum resistance. Followed by relaxation and move toward the limited direction actively or passively depending on the condition, then repeat it in the new ROM. The thired technique is contract-relax, which targets to increase ROM, and its based on the principle of starting with isotonic contraction of the rotation component, followed by the isometric contra ction for weak muscle. Slow reversals is the fourth technique, aims for weaker muscles contraction facilitation, improving coordination, and increasing endurance. Based on the principle of beginning movement at the strong component by isotonic contraction with maximal resistance immediately followed by isotonic contraction of the weak component with maximal resistance, without any relaxation. The fifth technique is repeated Contractions, its target are increasing ROM, improving strength and endurance in weak muscle group, and correct muscle imbalance. The principle used in this technique is reinforcing weak component by repeating maximal isometric contraction of the strong components of the pattern. The last technique is rhythmic stabilization. The aims of this technique are: used when movement at the joint is restricted, to strengthen muscles by co-contraction, improve circulation, improve postural stability in joints, and decrease pain. This technique is based on the principle of beginning with stability at the strong component by isometric contraction with maximum resistance followed by immediate without relaxation isometric contraction of the weak component with maximum resistance, until a co-contraction of the muscles of both component are build. The aim of using PNF techniques is to enhance functional level of movements, by facilitation, inhibition, strengthening, and relaxation of muscles. In PNF concentric, eccentric, and static contractions are used alongside with resistance. (2) These techniques are classified according to their functions: reversal antagonist, which is a general class of techniques in which the patient contracts his agonist muscles, then the antagonist, without pause or relaxation. This technique includes: dynamic reversals, stabilizing reversals, and rhythmic stabilization. Another PNF technique is rhythmic initiation which is a passive rhythmic movement of limb or body through the desired range, and progress into active rhythmic resisted movement. Combination of isotonics, which is another technique in which a combination of concentric, eccentric, and stabilizing contractions are used for specific muscle groups (e.g. agonist) without relaxation, and it starts at the patients maximum strength or best co ordination. Another technique is repeated stretch, also known as repeated contractions; its applied in two ways: either repeated stretch from the beginning of the range or repeated stretch through the range. Contract-relax and hold-relax, these two techniques either used as direct or indirect treatment. The last PNF technique is replication, which facilitates motor learning of functional activities. (2) Normal motor activities: In normal individuals, the developmental sequence of motor activities are varied, unified , and interrelated. The normal individual learns in his childhood to roll from supine to prone and vies versa, then sitting,etc. There is a variation of motor activities in the performance and sequence of these activities. The use of developmental sequence of motor activities is like when a person lays on a beach and senses danger, and then automatically rolls away into prone then sitting, then scrambles to his feet and runs, these actions serve his need the best, and these reactions are from birth and the people used them according to their needs. (1) PNF principles: The principles of PNF are: reflex mechanism, restoration of motor abilities, repetition of coordinated movements, and developmental sequence processes. In reflex mechanism, which helps to enhance movement and posture by using the coordination of the visual-motor mechanism and the auditory-motor mechanism. While during restoration of motor abilities, PNF patterns and techniques are used to provide suitable sensory cues, to enhance motor learning and abilities. Repetition of coordinated movements is used to increase strength and endurance, and adjusts the coordinated movements by the use of graded resistance. The last principle is developmental sequence process, which uses a sequence of training from proximal-to-distal and general-to-specific pattern. In these principles, PNF patterns and techniques are precisely applied to developmental activities by using techniques based on isotonic contractions for improving movement and isometric contractions for improving stability. (1) Developmental sequence: In the developmental sequence the physical therapist uses the progression of primitive movements and postures for more advanced movements and postures. The therapist also uses progression from general-to-specific pattern, specific movement to change positions and postures, eye-head coordination to enhance movements. In addition, this developmental sequence provides total pattern of movements, which includes head, neck, trunk, and four extremities, in various relations like ipsilateral, bilateral symmetrical, bilateral asymmetrical, and reciprocal, in which certain segments move while others adjust to the movement. And this sequence promote the patients ability to contract muscle isotonically during movements and isometrically during balance activities, and also enhance the transition from isometric to isotonic contraction. From this we find that PNF restore motor function in a person with a disability, by using variety of principles, patterns, and techniques used in Mat activities to enhance movement, self-care, and independence. (1) Body of knowledge: Mat activities: Mat activities involves all principles of PNF, these activities include both stability and movement, which could be single or combined complex movements. To vary the effect of reflexes or gravity on the body, mat activities done in various positions which are chosen by the physical therapist to control abnormal movements. Its better to begin with strong and pain free movements, because it focuses on irradiation from strong parts of movements to facilitate achieving the desired movements. (2) Also the use of diagonal movements involve greater number of muscle groups or movements (1). Any chosen mat activity is broken down into parts. In such treatment, the progression is by using weight bearing activities involving more extremities. (2) Activities practiced on the mat teach the patient: mobility which is moving in the position, stability which is maintaining balance in the position, skill which combines mobility with stability or in transition. And the condition of the patient determines whether to start with any of these. (2) Basic procedures used in these activities to promote patients working capacity with minimum fatigue are: approximation to enhance stabilization and balance, traction and stretch to increase patients ability movements, grips and proper body position in which the physical therapist guides patients movement, resistance to enhance and reinforce movements, and it includes graded resistance which strengthen the weaker movements, and resisting strong movement for irradiation to the weaker movements. Another basic procedures are: timing for emphasis which use strong movements to exercise the weaker ones, and patterns to enhance functional activities performance. (2) All of the previous techniques, pat terns, and basic procedures are used in mat activities, as follow: for stability, stabilizing reversals and rhythmic stabilization are used. While for mobility, combination of isotonics, rhythmic initiation, dynamic reversals, and repeated stretch are used. And for Skill, a combination of moving and stabilizing techniques are used.(2) The advantages of mat activities are: safe for people who fear to fall, performing activities without limitations, well-distributed balance, and postural reactions and reflexes are induced more effectively. (1) The activities: Mat characteristics: The characteristics that should be in a mat used for activities are firm, smooth, comfortable, protect patient from abrasions and stress, large enough to accommodate both the therapist and the patient, and the size is 6 feet for adult, and 4 feet for child(1) Rolling: The first mat activity practiced with a neurological patient is rolling, which is divided into two parts: the first part is rolling to mid-position, which is a concentric action of flexor chain, and the other part is from mid-position to the end and it is an eccentric action of the extensor chain. For facilitating rolling, the therapist can use different combination of scapula, pelvis, neck, or extremities pattern. Figure XX Rolling facilitation by Head Rolling facilitation by Scapula: First facilitating rolling by scapula, if the therapist resists anterior pattern of scapula, this will facilitate forward rolling, while resisting posterior pattern of scapula, facilitate backward rolling. The patient can also facilitates rolling by moving his head in the same direction of rolling. The given commands for rolling with scapular anterior depression eg. For left :pull your shoulder toward your opposite(right) hip, lift your head, pull your left arm down and across, pull your foot up and across, then roll. While commands given for rolling backward with posterior elevation:push back. In order to start, the therapist should stretches the scapula in the elongated range, and continue this diagonal movement until trunk muscles stretch. After that, the therapist applies resistance to initial scapular contraction until the contraction of trunk muscles is felt, then allows it to move. Locking scapula at the end of the range by applying more resistance with either approximation or traction. Types of scapular patterns in rolling are: Anterior elevation, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk extension and rotation, and it facilitated by neck extension and rotation in the rolling direction. Posterior elevation, in which the patient rolls backward with Figure XXX Rolling facilitation by Scapula trunk extension, and facilitated by neck extension in the rolling direction. Posterior depression, the patient perform a backward roll, with trunk extension, lateral flexion, and rotation, and facilitated by neck lateral flexion and full rotation in the rolling direction. And anterior depression, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk flexion, and facilitated by neck flexion in the rolling direction.(2) Rolling facilitation by Pelvis: Second, Pelvic facilitation in rolling, the resistance applied to anterior pattern of pelvis facilitate forward rolling, while resistance to posterior pattern of pelvis facilitate backward rolling. The patient can flex the neck to facilitate forward roll, and extend the neck for backward roll. Commands for the patient when rolling forward with anterior elevation: pull your pelvis up and roll forward, while when rolling backward roll with posterior depression: sit down into my hand and roll back. The therapist places the pelvis in the elongated range and continue this diagonal movement until trunk muscles stretch. Therapist resists initial pelvic contraction until he/she feels contraction of the desired trunk muscles, then allows it to move. In order to lock the pelvis at the end of the range, the therapist must apply more resistance with either approximation or traction. Types of pelvic patterns used in rolling are: Anterior elevation, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk flexion, flexes the neck for facilitation. Posterior elevation, in which backward rolling is performed with trunk lateral shortening, and facilitated by ipsilateral neck rotation. Posterior depression, in which the patient rolls backward with trunk extension, and extends the neck for facilitation. And anterior depression, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk extension and rotation, the facilitation in this pattern is neck extension and rotation in the rolling direction.(2) Rolling facilitation by scapula and pelvic patterns combination: Combining scapular and pelvic patterns can facilitate rolling, by performing pelvic anterior elevation and scapular anterior depression for forward rolling, while performing pelvic posterior depression and scapular posterior elevation backward roll .(2) Figure XXX Rolling facilitation by pelvis Rolling facilitation by upper extremities In upper extremities facilitation in rolling, trunk muscles should be strengthen in order to facilitate, by combining strong arm muscles with scapular patterns. Adduction patterns used to facilitate forward rolling, while abduction patterns used to facilitate backward rolling. Also, head movements with the arm used for facilitation. Irradiation into trunk muscles, by resisting strong muscles of elbow. In order to facilitate upper extremities, the distal grip of the therapist is placed on patients hand or distal forearm to control the whole extremity. However, the therapist proximal grip is on or near patients scapula, which is more effective for guidance and resistance of the patients head movements. Forward rolling commands with extension-adduction pattern:squeeze my hand and pull your arm down to your opposite hip, lift your head, then roll. For backward roll with flexion-abduction pattern:wrist back, lift your arm up follow your hand with your eyes, then roll back. Figure XXX Rolling facilitation by pelvis To start rolling, the therapist needs to stretch the arm and scapular muscles of the patient, and puts the arm in the elongated range and then tract. Sustaining this diagonal movement and traction, until synergistic trunk muscles stretch and maintain initial arm movements, until the therapist feels contraction of the trunk muscles, then allows it to move. Locking of upper extremities can be at any strong point in ROM. To lock the arm at end of the range, is by applying approximation with resistance to rotation. Types of rolling using one arm are: Forward roll with trunk-extension, lateral flexion and rotation, facilitated by neck extension and rotation in rolling direction, and the patterns used are flexion-adduction-external rotation and ulnar thrust pattern. Backward roll with trunk-extension, lateral flexion and rotation, which is facilitated by neck lateral flexion and full rotation in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are extension-abduction-internal rotation and ulnar withdrawal pattern. Forward roll with trunk-flexion, facilitated by neck flexion in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are extension-adduction-internal rotation and radial thrust pattern. And backward roll with trunk-extension, facilitated by neck extension in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are flexion-abduction.(2) Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination: Bilateral combination used in upper extremities rolling facilitation are: Forward roll with trunk flexion, which is Chopping and Reverse of Chopping. And backward roll with trunk extension, which is Lifting. (2) Figure XXXX Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination Rolling facilitation by lower extremities: In the facilitation of lower extremities in rolling, combining strong leg muscles with pelvic patterns are used for facilitation and strengthen trunk muscles. Flexion patterns of lower limbs facilitate forward rolling and extension patterns facilitate backward rolling. Irradiation into trunk muscles by resisting strong muscles of the knee. Head moves in flexion to facilitate forward roll and in extension for backward roll. Physical therapist distal grip is placed on the patients foot to control the whole extremity. It will be more effective activity, if the knee movements are resisted. And the proximal grip of the therapist is on patients thigh or pelvis, in flexion-abduction the proximal hand on contralateral iliac crest to facilitate trunk flexion. Commands given for forward roll with flexion-abduction pattern:foot up, pull your leg up and out, then roll away. And for backward roll with extension-adduction pattern:push your foot down, kick your leg back, then roll back toward me. Figure XXXX Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination Starting position for this rolling is to stretch the leg and lower trunk muscles, and putting the leg in the elongated range of pattern and apply traction. And this movement is maintained until the therapist feels contraction of trunk muscles, then allows it to move. The locking can be at any strong point in ROM. Types of rolling with one leg are: Flexion-adduction, for rolling forward with trunk flexion. Extension-abduction, for rolling back with trunk extension and elongation. Flexion-abduction, for rolling forward with trunk lateral flexion, flexion ,and rotation. And extension-adduction, for rolling back with trunk extension, elongation, and rotation.(2) Rolling facilitation by L.L bilateral combination: Bilateral combination of lower extremities for facilitating rolling are: Lower extremity flexion, by rolling forward with trunk flexion. And lower extremity extension, by rolling back with trunk extension. (2) Rolling facilitation by neck: The last pattern for facilitating rolling is neck patterns. These patterns are used to facilitate rolling when patient has no pain free motion or no strong movement in scapula or arm. The main force in neck flexion is traction, while in neck extension we apply gentle compression. In rolling, neck flexion is used to facilitate rolling forward from supine to side-laying, and neck extension is used to facilitate rolling back from side-laying to supine. (2) Prone-on-elbows: After achieving rolling, the next mat activity is prone-on-elbows exercise. There are three methods that enable the patient to assume this position, are: side-laying, rolling from supine-to-prone, and prone position. If any of the previous methods are against gravity, the therapist resists concentric contraction. And if it is gravity assisted, the therapist resists eccentric contraction. Figure XXXX Prone-on-elbows In order for the patient to achieve this position, the therapist should apply stabilization with approximation for scapula, and resistance in diagonal and rotatory direction is necessary. The patient must avoid trunk sag. The therapist should keep the patients head, neck, and trunk aligned, and apply gentle resistance on the head for stabilization along with rhythmic stabilization. And if the patient cant do isometric contraction, the therapist can use stabilizing reversal. When the patient is able to maintain this position, the therapist can work on improving head, neck, and shoulder, neck resisted motions which is effective, resisted arm motions to strengthen the weight-bearing arm, upper trunk rotation, and weight shifting. (2) Side-sitting: The paitent then progresses from prone-on-elbow position into side-sitting. This position involves weight-bearing on arm, leg, and trunk of one side, while the other arm is free to function, then the patient should learn mobility like scooting. Four methods to assume this position, which are: side-laying, prone-on-elbows, sitting, and quadruped. The physical therapist in this position, can work on activities of balance, like upper extremity weight-bearing exercises , and scapular and pelvic reciprocal motions, in which the movements of this combination promotes trunk mobility, and stabilizing contraction of this combination promotes trunk stability. Activities of mobility in this position are: scooting, moving to sitting, to prone on elbows, and to quadruped position. (2) Quadruped: The other mat activity that follows side-sitting is quadruped. In this position the patient will be able to exercise trunk, hips, knees, and shoulder, using isotonics and dynamic reversals. Also the patient will be able to move from one place to another. The physical therapist makes sure that the patient has strong scapular muscles to support the weight of upper trunk. Patient with spinal pain or has stabilization problems, can practice activities in this position, but the therapist must be assertive of absence of pain in knee joint. The patient can assume this position by two methods, are: prone-on-elbows, and side-sitting. In quadruped position, the therapist can works on activities of balance, by using stabilizing reversal and rhythmic stabilization techniques, for balance and stabilization of the trunk and extremity joints. Also the therapist can work on rocking forward and backward, by using combination of resistance, isotonics, and dynamic reversals. Crawling can be practiced i n this position, by applying resistance on scapula, pelvis, neck, arms, and legs movements, in order to enhance patients skill. (2) Figure XXX Facilitation to Quadruped Kneeling: In this position the patient will be able to exercise trunk, hips, and knees, while arms are free and used for support, able to move from one place to another, and moves from kneeling to standing. For patients who have knee pain and cant assume this position, they can work in kneeling down. Kneeling will help to promote the strength, coordination, and ROM of hips and knees, by exercise moving between kneeling and side-sitting, and by combining isotonics contractions for concentric and eccentric muscles. To assume this position, is by three methods, are: side-sitting, kneeling-down, quadruped position. Activities that can be practiced in this position are: balance activities such as, scapula and head motions resistance, using stability reversals and rhythmic stabilization techniques to promote trunk strengthen and stability. Other balance activities are resistance to: pelvic motion, pelvis and scapula motions, trunk and head motion, and resisting arm movement when sitting of the heels . Another activity, which can be practiced in this position is walking on the knees forward, backward, and sideways. (2) Half-Kneeling: This mat activity is where the patient can go to standing position. There are two methods to assume this position: kneeling and standing. The physical therapist can work on activities of balance, such as: strengthening trunk and lower extremity muscles, by using stabilizing and moving techniques. Activities of weight shifting over back leg with trunk elongation, this activity challenge patients balance, coordination, ROM, and strength. Activities of shifting weight to front leg, which increase DF ROM. And standing up as the last activity. (2) Sit-to-stand: In order for the patient to stand up from a chair, he or she should moves forward in the chair, stand up, get his or her balance in standing. The patient should be able to rise from sitting on surfaces of different heights. Sit-to-stand is divided into two parts. The first part which involves flexion of head, neck, and trunk, pelvic anterior tilt, and knee extension with forward movement over the base of support. The second part of this activity is backward movement toward a vertical position characterized by extension of head, neck, and trunk, posterior pelvic tilt, and the knees go into extension and backward movement as the trunk comes over the base of support. Commands given for a patient standing up from the floor: pull yourself forward, and push with your right foot. Now push with both feet, lift your head to the left, stand up. Hold, now pull your left foot forward and step on it. In this activity the therapist holds the patients iliac crests in order to increase the patients ability in standing up. Then the therapist rocks the pelvis by rhythmic initiation and stretches it into posterior tilt, and resists or assists as it moves into anterior tilt. Rhythmic initiation is used enable the patient to place his or her hands on bars or chairs arm, and stabilizing contractions and combination of isotonics are used to enable the patient to assist with their arms. When the patient is moving toward standing, the therapist should assist his or her pelvis by guiding it through anterior tilt. Resistance is applied to the movement that the patient is capable of doing it without help. In the time the patient stands with upright posture, the therapist moves the pelvic into the appropriate degree of posterior tilt. For promoting weight bearing, approximation is done through the pelvic. (2 1) 2.2.9 Standing: This position is considered to be the first stage in walking and a form of functional activity. In standing the therapist should stand in a diagonal plane in front of the leg that initially will receive the patients weight. Commands given in this activity:Hold, dont let me pull your head forward, dont let me push your hip back. Hold, dont let me turn you to the other side. Hold dont let me pull you forward. Accepting the patients body weight on his or her lower limb, is fulfilled by combining approximation through the pelvis on the strong side with stabilizing resistance at the pelvis. For the weaker side, the therapist uses the same techniques in addition to blocking the knee. Then the therapist stabilizes lower trunk and legs by combining approximation and stabilizing reversals at the pelvis. The same techniques directed at the shoulders used to stabilize upper and lower trunk. When using combination of isotonics with small motions or stabilizing reversals, it will resist balance in all directions, and itll work on stabilizing the head, shoulders, pelvis, and their combinations. . (21) Conclusion: In conclusion, deficient neuromuscular mechanism leads to limited response due to faulty development, trauma, or disease of the nervous or musculoskeletal systems. As we know, PNF is related to normal response of the neuromuscular mechanism, which enables it to widen the range of motor activities within the limitations of anatomical structure, developmental level, and inherent and previously learned neuromuscular response. By using various combinations, patterns, and techniques of PNF, the patient will be able to regain and restore his or her previous functional level. Refrences: 1. Voss, Dorothy E., Ionta, Marjorie K., Myers, Beverly J. (1968). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation: patterns and techniques. Philadelphia : Harper and Row. 2. Adler, Susan S., Beckers, Dominiek, Buck, Math. (2003). PNF in Practice: an illustrated guide. Germany: Springer. Content Page Content page Introduction 2 Background about PNF 2 PNF techniques 2 Normal motor activities 4 PNF principles 4 Developmental sequence 5 Body of knowledge 6 Mat activities 6 The activities 7 Mat characteristics 7 Rolling 7 Rolling facilitation by Scapula 9 Rolling facilitation by Pelvis 11 Rolling facilitation by scapula and pelvic patterns combination 11 Rolling facilitation by upper extremities 12 Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination 15 Rolling facilitation by lower extremities 16 Rolling facilitation by L.L bilateral combination 17 Rolling facilitation by neck 17 Prone-on-elbows 18 Side-sitting 19 Quadruped 20 Kneeling 21 Half-Kneeling 23 Sit-to-stand 24 Standing 25 Conclusion 26

Charles’ Ability to Finance His Government

The Personal Rule of Charles I Charles I, born in Dunfermline, the son of James I and Anne of Denmark, was born in 1600. At the age of five he was made the Duke of York the Prince of Wales in 1616. When James I died in 1625, his son Charles became king. Upon becoming, the King Charles had a sense of greed growing, he would gain money through taxes and laws imposed only for the sense of profit and had been stubborn when it came to his ministers.He imposed a lot of trust in his ministers and was reluctant when it came to their dismissal. The Personal Rule was a period in which Charles governed without any reference to Parliament in the years 1629-1640; he refused to summon any Parliaments until they had a better understanding of what he wanted to do. Historians in a major of ways described this period, but how effective was the period of the Personal rule and had Charles succeeded in governing effectively and financially.Upon Buckingham’s dispersal, many former enemies of the Ki ng had made peace with him and entered his service. The Dukes of Arundel and Bristol, who had been against Buckingham in the House of Lords had decided that Parliament had gone too far in imposing the King and took up positions at Court. The death of the Duke of Buckingham had deeply affected Charles and the King had become reluctant to never again depend on one minister.Upon introduction of the Personal rule period there was little reaction and resistance to the dispersing of Parliament, enemies of the king worked towards peace in an attempt to become his advisors, and many of them did succeed. King Charles was successful in governing without Parliament by cutting his expenses and increasing income. The greatest drain on resources was the wars against France and Spain leaving the economy at a disadvantage; however this was soon put to an end due to peace treaties being signed with France in 1629 and with Spain in 1630.Peace brought an immediate revival of English trade and commerce . This in turn brought increased customs revenue because Charles continued to collect income through taxes without the agreement of Parliament. The first of Charles' money schemes was to enforce a law complying that men who own a property worth more than ? 40 per annum shall receive knighthoods at the royal coronation and from 1630, Charles had also began fining everyone who failed to observe this law.The knighthood fines had stacked up ? 100,000 by the end of the following year. The most condemned of taxes was Ship Money, a custom that required payment in order to keep naval defences on standby in the case of an emergency. In 1634, with Dunkirk pirates in the Channel and Barbary corsairs raiding Ireland, Cornwall and Devon for slaves, King Charles taxed the coastal counties to pay for the building of new warships. In 1635, he extended the tax to include inland counties.Even though ship-money was intended to finance a new fleet for England's defence, there were strong objections bec ause the King had imposed what amounted to a new tax without the consent of Parliament. Charles’s decisions that he would call no more parliaments until his subjects had a better understanding of him indicated that the circumstances were exceptional; however it was not unusual for there to be long periods of time without Parliament such as the seven years between the parliaments of 1614 and 1621.Charles’s believed that they weren’t an essential part of the daily government but more for the financial management and problems, which was the reason for the many gatherings that previously took place. At this point it may be said that Charles’ ability to finance his government effectively had been working, and to some extent his methods of financing had also reduced the resentment during the personal rule period.By deducting some of his expenses and increasing taxes more revenue was generated; however it may also be considered that the taxes may have caused res entment as Ship money had been deeply condemned by some and Charles’ revival of the ‘Forest Law’ which was said to be sacred ground for some may have resented Charles’ for that decision. It didn’t stop there however, not only did Charles’ re-establish the Forest Law he also fined those who branded it as their sacred ground for all the previous years.Charles’ furthered the ship money taxes in 1635 by not only demanding them for coastal countries but the whole of Britain, this was bound to raise resentment towards the King’s actions however it was an effective move by Charles as by 1637 the budget was balanced, most of the gains were developed via new strategies however most of them were just previous laws that were buried and brought back, the only new law was Ship Money due to its amendment but it also played a significant part in establishing a new style of taxation, targets for Ship Money were set and the global sum had been d educted from the county as a whole.Apart from rising customs revenues that had been derived from growing trade, Ship money then became a long-term source of financial independence. Upon Ship Money being offered on a long-term basis the resentment and opposition towards the way Charles’ had chosen to finance his government, the opposition wasn’t towards the finance but the methods chosen and mainly the Ship Money itself, many historians argue that the period of portraying Ship Money on a long-term basis was an attempt by Charles to finance his absolutism but the opposition towards Charles’ actions had been at a growing rate.At this point it may be considered that I far from agree with the opinion of Charles being able to finance his government without too much resentment as opposition against the Kings actions had been at a growing rate and with Ship Money falling out of context the power to impose taxes had been taken out of context. Whig historians had believed that this period had aroused the most furious opposition in the provinces and this â€Å"fact† was generally accepted.However there is little evidence to suggest that the opposition was high. John Hampden was a clear case of resentment for the King as he refused to pay the tax in 1636; he was then tested in 1637. At this point Hampden’s lawyer believed Parliament should vote in this case, however the King appealed against this by saying that the Ship tax was also used to build the armyEven though the judges had confirmed Charles’ legal right to collect Ship Money, resentment and dissatisfaction were growing and in the years of 1635-1637 the amount of ship money being received was at a decreasing rate which was most likely from the opposition of it, this also highlights the fact that opposition was at an increasing rate and Charles’ unethical methods would not be successful for long.Charles’ methods of granting tax without the consent of Parliament had showed that his unethical methods towards gaining revenue would most likely increase the opposition towards him. Although most taxes were accepted Ship Money had been a major issue that raised a high amount in opposition. It can be argued that Ship Money was required for a valid reason, but would it be sustained as long as Charles wanted it? The period of 1637-40 was the decline of the personal rule, public opinion of the King was negating.Although the combination of Ship Money and growing trade offered a source of financial independence, the opposition towards it didn’t. Most of the opposition believed a Parliament should be called but even if it were to be, Charles’ views towards the finances of his government would not change hence one of the main reasons for the Personal Rule period itself. Charles lacked political awareness, and unlike James I, his father he lacked understanding of Scottish politics and culture; even so he didn’t attempt to educate him self on it.To some extent I have concluded that Charles’ ability to finance his government effectively itself was remarkable, but the methods he adapted when doing so were unethical and did not take into consideration the public opinion therefore I wouldn’t regard it as a remarkable achievement, however many Historians believe as I do that Charles’ lack of politics and culture had put him at a great disadvantage which was mainly why Parliament were established.It may also be said that Charles’ view towards Parliament had changed majorly after the death of the Duke, this was the reason why he demanded reform and asserted his role. The situation in Scotland was also a major turning point for the Personal Rule as Charles’ advisors also began advising that he call Parliament in order to settle the opposition and avoid war which in fact did drain the finances of the government.Therefore to some extent I do agree that the opinion of Charles’ abili ty to finance his government effectively was a remarkable achievement, however I also think that he should have taken more consideration of the public opinion in an attempt to avoid resentment. His decision to â€Å"renew† the Ship Money tax was in my opinion a mistake made by Charles and the decision to do this had actually started a widespread of opposition.

The Problem and the Importance of Academic Writing

Academic writing serves as communication tool for conveying acquired knowledge in a specific field of study. It therefore features a serious tone and is often demonstrative of particular theories and facts related to a given argument. Academic writing is studied to enhance learning development or for use in assessing course comprehension. It is the mode of presentation of academic papers. Academic writing however faces many hindrances. The complexity of the writing process often leads to learner dissatisfaction, especially following a tedious routine or doing a dull revision. To execute the production of a quality academic paper requires skills for the craft. The dynamic nature of higher education is nurturing a major hitch in the support and development of academic writing. Citing the rising number students, the system has drifted from a slim team to a crowd; there is an evident failure in the funding agencies to keep abreast with the swelling need for resources. The government yet plans to expand the number of higher education students substantially in the coming years. This expansion has led to proliferation of the diversity of students, with higher education institutions receiving entrants with varied academic standing and variegated cultural backgrounds. The ensuing resource deficiency in many institutions overstretches both the learning facilities and the academic staff. What follows is a dire need for a radical transformation in teacher performance attitudes in order to cope with these new challenges facing the higher education sector. The highlighted problem adversely affects the arena of academic writing, both in the teaching process and practical implementation. The big challenge is how to be effective under the difficulties of diversity and numbers. You can picture a handful writing teachers handling the problems of hundreds of second language students of multicultural backgrounds with varying academic potential. Academic writing remains a major role player in higher education, both in course retention and the consequent assessment of student knowledge. Its significance therefore cannot be underscored. A study reveals that up to 90% of staff agrees it is essential to teach academic writing to university students. Academic writing fosters the students’ ability to express themselves by understanding of the language used and the ability to communicate; this is the essence of education and a requirement to serve in the area of discipline. Teachers’ viewpoint stands that when the work is well written and arguments displayed concisely and precisely, marking becomes a lot easier. There is therefore no gainsaying the development of effective academic writing support is reciprocally beneficial to both students and staff. In a nutshell, academic writing holds great significance and therefore needs much attention and support from the academic fraternity. By leveraging multiples practical approaches to enhance quality practical writing, academic institutions have the opportunity to harness effective frameworks to assist students in the academic advancement. Inherent in every writing theory is the ability to improve any students’ writing finesse by applying practical initiatives. It is therefore of great essence to implement and evaluate practical writing methods at all levels within entire institutions in order to capture a range of resources. This is guaranteed to assure student engagement, participation, retention and overall course satisfaction.

Differences Between Traditional Television Channel And...

Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between a traditional broadcast TV channel (BBC) and an online TV channel (YouTube and Netflix). Source: https://globalacademy.sharepoint.com/sites/year12/Shared%20Documents/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2Fsites%2Fyear12%2FShared%20D ocuments%2FUseful%20Reports%20for%20Year%2012%20Media%2FTV%20Viewing%20Habits%20%2D%20UK%20%2D%20October%202 016%281%29%2Epdfparent=%2Fsites%2Fyear12%2FShared%20Documents%2FUseful%20Reports%20for%20Year%2012%20Media Introduction to BBC (British Broadcasting Centre) A. Who are BBC/ YouTube and Netflix targeting? BBC’s targets anyone and everyone. Their target audience varies from channel to channel for example: BBC1 serves wide audiences and provides entertainment that appeals to all generations, BBC3 aims to reach younger audiences by featuring new UK talent on their programmes. The BBC exists to serve the public, and its mission is to inform, educate and entertain. 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